An overview of Entrepreneurial Motivation from the perspective of Developing World
Abstract
The question of who become an entrepreneur and the motive behind such a move remain one of the central issues in entrepreneurship research. Although the study of what predicts and sustains entrepreneurship had been examined from various perspectives, yet the quest remains insatiable due to inconclusive results. The aim of this paper therefore is to provide an overview of the various antecedents of entrepreneurial motivation from developing world perspective. The paper found the presence of the traditional motivational factors such as traits, attitudes, intention model, push and pull factors in predicting entrepreneurship in the third world. The paper also stumbled on lesser explored yet promising variables for explaining variations in entrepreneurial motivation (spirituality and religiosity) in developing world. Thus it was recommended that additional research be carried out to further prove the efficacy of spirituality and religiosity in explaining entrepreneurial motivation in developing countries.References
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Benjamin, P., & Looby, J. (1998). Defining the nature of spirituality in the context of Maslow's and Roger's theories. Counseling & Values, 42 (2), 92-101.
Benzing, C., Chu, H.M., and Kara, O. (2009). Entrepreneurs in turkey: A factor analysis of motivations, success factors and problem, Journal of Small Business management, 47 (1), 58- 91.
Benzing, C., & Chu, H.M. (2009). A comparison of the motivations of small business owners in Africa. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16 (1), 60-77
Benzing, C., Chu, H.M. & Callanan, G. (2005). Regional comparison of the motivation and problems of Vietnamese entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 10 (1), 3-27.
Benzing, C., Chu, H.M. and Szabo, B. (2005). Hungarian and Romanian entrepreneurs in Romania – motivations, problems, and differences. Journal of Global Business, 16 (2005), 77-87.
Bewayo, E.D. (1995). Uganda entrepreneurs: why are they in business? Journal of Small Business Strategy, 6 (1995), 67-78.
Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intention. The Academy of Management Review, 13 (3), 442-53.
Bowditch, N.H. (1999). The last emerging market: from Asian Tigers to African Lion? The Ghana files. African Studies Quarterly / http://www.africa.ufl.edu Retrieved: 24th August, 2010.
Carsrud, A., & Brannback, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial motivations: what do we still need to know? Journal of Small Business Management, 49 (1), 9–26.
Carter, M.N., Gartner, W.B., Shaver, K.G., & Gatewood, E.J. (2003). The career reasons of nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (1), 13-39.
Chu, H.M., Benzing, C. & Kara, O. (2007). Turkish entrepreneurs: motivation for business ownership, success factors, problems, and stress. International Journal of Business and Public Administration, 2 (1), 106-23.
Churchill, N.C. and Lewis, V.L. (Eds) (1986). Entrepreneurship Research. Ballinger Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
Collins, J. C. & Porras, J. I. (1994). Built to Last. Harper Business, New York.
Drakopoulou-Dodd, S., & Seaman, P. T. 1998. Religion and enterprise: an introductory exploration. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23 (1), 71-86
Drost, E.A. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention of business students in financial: implications for Education. Education + Training, 52 (4), 160-175.
Eisenhauer, J.G. (1995). The entrepreneurial decision: economic theory and empirical evidence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19 (4), 67-79.
Engle, R.L., Dimitriadi, N., Gavidia, J.R., Schlaegel, C., Delanoe, S., Alvarado... Wolff, B. (2008). Entrepreneurial intent: A twelve country evaluation of Ajzen’s model of planned behaviour. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 16 (1), 35-57.
Emmons, R. A. (1999). Religion in the psychology of personality: an introduction. Journal of Personality, 67 (6), 873-889
European Multi Stakeholder Forum on CRS (2004). Report of the Round Table on ’Fostering CSR among SMEs’
Fineman, S. (1977). The achievement motive construct and its measurement: where are we now? British Journal of Psychology, 68 (1), 1–22.
Gartner, W.B. (1989). Who is an entrepreneur?’ is the wrong question. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13 (4), 47-67.
Gotsis, G., & Kortezi, Z. (2008). Philosophical foundations of workplace spirituality: A critical approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 78 (4), 575–600.
Gray, K., Foster, H. and Howard, M. (2006). Motivations of Moroccans to be entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11 (4), 297-318.
Hayes, R. N. & Robinson J. A. (2010). An Economic Sociology of African Entrepreneurial Activity. Paper presented at Conference on Entrepreneurship in Africa. Syracuse University, USA.
Herron, L. & Sapienza, H.J. (1992). The entrepreneur and the initiation of new venture launch Activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17 (1), 49-55.
Hunger, J.D., Korsching, P.F., & Van Auken, H. (2002). The interaction of founder motivation and environmental context in new venture formation: preliminary findings. Unpublished manuscript, Iowa State University.
Jaeger, B. (1994). The meaning of work among the self-employed. PhD Thesis, Saybrook Institute San Fransisco.
Johnson, B. & Christensen, L. B. (2000). Educational research: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed approaches. Sage Publications.
Kayed, R.N & Hassan, K. M. (2010). The motives and incentives in Islamic entrepreneurship. Islamic Entrepreneurship, Duhram Modern Middle East and Islamic World Series, Published by Routledge.
Keeble, D., Bryson, J. & Wood, P. (1992). The rise and fall of small service firms in the United Kingdom. International Small Business Journal, 11 (1), 11-22.
Kendall, M.H (2012). Workplace spirituality and the motivational power of meaningful work: an experimental study. PhD Thesis, Capella University, U.S.A (Unpublished).
King, J.E., & Crowther, M.R. (2004). The measurement of religiosity and spirituality: Examples and issues from psychology. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17 (1), 83- 101.
King-Kauanui S., Thomas K.D., Waters G.R. & Gilea G. (2010). An exploration of entrepreneurship and play. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 23 (1), 51-70.
King-Kauanui, S., Thomas, K., Sherman, C., Waters, G. & Gilea, M. (2008). Entrepreneurship and Spirituality: An Exploration Using Grounded Theory, International Council for Small Business. World Conference, Halifax.
King-Kauanui, S., Thomas, K. and Waters, G. (2005). Entrepreneurship and spirituality: integration of spirituality into the workplace. Journal of Management, Spirituality, and Religion, 2 (2), 255-274.
King, S.M. (2007). Religion, spirituality, and the workplace: Challenges for public administration. Public Administration Review, 67 (1), 103-114.
Krueger, N., Reilly, M. & Carsrud, A. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15 (2), 411-32.
Kuehn, K.W. (2008). Entrepreneurial intention research: implementations for Entrepreneurshipeducation. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 11 (2008), 87-98
Linan, F. & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural Application of a Specific instrument to measure Entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33 (3), 593-617.
Locke, E. A., & Baum, J. R. (2007). Entrepreneurial motivation. In J. R. Baum, M. Frese, & R. A. Baron (Eds.), The psychology of entrepreneurship (pp. 93–112). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
McClelland, D.C. (1961). The achieving Society. Free press, New York.
McShane, S. L. Glinow M. A. V. (2010). Organisational Behaviour. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 5th Edition.
Okpara, J.O. and Wynn, P. (2007). Determinants of small business growth constraints in a sub-Saharan African economy. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 72 (2), 24-35.
Orhan, M. & Scott, D. (2001). Why women enter into entrepreneurship: an explanatory model. Women in Management Review, 16 (5), 232-43.
Osman-Gani, A.M., Hashim, J. & Ismail, Y. (2012). Effects of Spirituality, Religiosity, and Personal Values on Employee Performance: An Empirical Analysis. Presented at the 2012 Academy of Human Resource Development International Research Conference in Americas, held in Denver, CO, USA, February 28 to March 4, 2012.
Palich, L.E. and Bagby, D.R. (1995). Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk-taking: challenging conventional wisdom. Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (6), 425-38.
Ramasamy, B., Yeung, M. C. H & Au, A. K. M. (2010). Consumer support for corporate social responsibility (CSR): The role of religion and values. Journal of Business Ethics, 91 (1), 61-72.
Rehman, A. & Shabbir, M.S. (2010). The relationship between religiosity and new product adoption. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1(1), 63-69.
Robinson, P. B., Stimpson, D. V., Huefner, J. C., and Hunt, H. K. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15 (4), 13- 31.
Salimath, M.S. & Cullen J. B. (2010). Formal and informal institutional effects on entrepreneurship: a synthesis of nation-level research. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 18 (3), 358-385.
Sheinberg, S., & MacMillan, I.C. (1988). An 11-country study of motivations to start a business. In Kirchoff, B.A., Long, W.A., McMullan, W.E., Vesper, K.H., Wetzel, W.E. (Eds.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research.Wellesley, MA: Babson College, pp. 669–687.
Schjoedt, L., & Shaver, K.G. (2007). Deciding on an entrepreneurial career: A test of the pull and push hypothesis using the PSED data. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 31 (5), 733-752.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schwarz, E.J., Wdowlak, M.A., Almer-Jarz, D.A. & Breitenecker, R.J. (2009). The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students’ entrepreneurial intent. Education + Training, 51 (4), 272-291.
Segal, G., Borgia, D. & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). Motivation to become entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 11 (1), 42-57.
Shane, S., Locke, E. A., Collins, J. C. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13 (2), 257-279.
Shapero A, Sokol L (1982) Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In: Kent C, Sexton D, Vesper K (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, pp. 72–90.
Shaver, K.G. and Scott, L.R. (1991). Person, process, choice: the psychology of new venture Creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16 (2), 23-45.
Sood, J. and Nasu, Y. (1995). Religiosity and nationality an exploratory study of their effect on consumer behavior in Japan and the United States. Journal of Business Research, 34 (1), 1-9.
Swierczek, F. and Ha, T.T. (2003). Motivation, entrepreneurship and the performance of SMEs in Vietnam. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 11 (1), 47-68.
Timmons, J.A. (1999). New Venture Creation. 5th. ed., Irwin McGraw-Hill, Burr Ridge, IL.
Turker, D. & Selkuk, S.S. (2009). Which factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students? Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(2), 142-159.
Valliere, D. (2008). Exploring Buddhist influence on the entrepreneurial decision. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 14 (3), 172-91.
Von Mises, L. (1949), Human Action, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Vroom, V.H. (1964), Work and Motivation. Wiley, New York, NY.
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality, 67 (6), 889-919.
Benjamin, P., & Looby, J. (1998). Defining the nature of spirituality in the context of Maslow's and Roger's theories. Counseling & Values, 42 (2), 92-101.
Benzing, C., Chu, H.M., and Kara, O. (2009). Entrepreneurs in turkey: A factor analysis of motivations, success factors and problem, Journal of Small Business management, 47 (1), 58- 91.
Benzing, C., & Chu, H.M. (2009). A comparison of the motivations of small business owners in Africa. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16 (1), 60-77
Benzing, C., Chu, H.M. & Callanan, G. (2005). Regional comparison of the motivation and problems of Vietnamese entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 10 (1), 3-27.
Benzing, C., Chu, H.M. and Szabo, B. (2005). Hungarian and Romanian entrepreneurs in Romania – motivations, problems, and differences. Journal of Global Business, 16 (2005), 77-87.
Bewayo, E.D. (1995). Uganda entrepreneurs: why are they in business? Journal of Small Business Strategy, 6 (1995), 67-78.
Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intention. The Academy of Management Review, 13 (3), 442-53.
Bowditch, N.H. (1999). The last emerging market: from Asian Tigers to African Lion? The Ghana files. African Studies Quarterly / http://www.africa.ufl.edu Retrieved: 24th August, 2010.
Carsrud, A., & Brannback, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial motivations: what do we still need to know? Journal of Small Business Management, 49 (1), 9–26.
Carter, M.N., Gartner, W.B., Shaver, K.G., & Gatewood, E.J. (2003). The career reasons of nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (1), 13-39.
Chu, H.M., Benzing, C. & Kara, O. (2007). Turkish entrepreneurs: motivation for business ownership, success factors, problems, and stress. International Journal of Business and Public Administration, 2 (1), 106-23.
Churchill, N.C. and Lewis, V.L. (Eds) (1986). Entrepreneurship Research. Ballinger Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
Collins, J. C. & Porras, J. I. (1994). Built to Last. Harper Business, New York.
Drakopoulou-Dodd, S., & Seaman, P. T. 1998. Religion and enterprise: an introductory exploration. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23 (1), 71-86
Drost, E.A. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention of business students in financial: implications for Education. Education + Training, 52 (4), 160-175.
Eisenhauer, J.G. (1995). The entrepreneurial decision: economic theory and empirical evidence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19 (4), 67-79.
Engle, R.L., Dimitriadi, N., Gavidia, J.R., Schlaegel, C., Delanoe, S., Alvarado... Wolff, B. (2008). Entrepreneurial intent: A twelve country evaluation of Ajzen’s model of planned behaviour. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 16 (1), 35-57.
Emmons, R. A. (1999). Religion in the psychology of personality: an introduction. Journal of Personality, 67 (6), 873-889
European Multi Stakeholder Forum on CRS (2004). Report of the Round Table on ’Fostering CSR among SMEs’
Fineman, S. (1977). The achievement motive construct and its measurement: where are we now? British Journal of Psychology, 68 (1), 1–22.
Gartner, W.B. (1989). Who is an entrepreneur?’ is the wrong question. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13 (4), 47-67.
Gotsis, G., & Kortezi, Z. (2008). Philosophical foundations of workplace spirituality: A critical approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 78 (4), 575–600.
Gray, K., Foster, H. and Howard, M. (2006). Motivations of Moroccans to be entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11 (4), 297-318.
Hayes, R. N. & Robinson J. A. (2010). An Economic Sociology of African Entrepreneurial Activity. Paper presented at Conference on Entrepreneurship in Africa. Syracuse University, USA.
Herron, L. & Sapienza, H.J. (1992). The entrepreneur and the initiation of new venture launch Activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17 (1), 49-55.
Hunger, J.D., Korsching, P.F., & Van Auken, H. (2002). The interaction of founder motivation and environmental context in new venture formation: preliminary findings. Unpublished manuscript, Iowa State University.
Jaeger, B. (1994). The meaning of work among the self-employed. PhD Thesis, Saybrook Institute San Fransisco.
Johnson, B. & Christensen, L. B. (2000). Educational research: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed approaches. Sage Publications.
Kayed, R.N & Hassan, K. M. (2010). The motives and incentives in Islamic entrepreneurship. Islamic Entrepreneurship, Duhram Modern Middle East and Islamic World Series, Published by Routledge.
Keeble, D., Bryson, J. & Wood, P. (1992). The rise and fall of small service firms in the United Kingdom. International Small Business Journal, 11 (1), 11-22.
Kendall, M.H (2012). Workplace spirituality and the motivational power of meaningful work: an experimental study. PhD Thesis, Capella University, U.S.A (Unpublished).
King, J.E., & Crowther, M.R. (2004). The measurement of religiosity and spirituality: Examples and issues from psychology. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17 (1), 83- 101.
King-Kauanui S., Thomas K.D., Waters G.R. & Gilea G. (2010). An exploration of entrepreneurship and play. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 23 (1), 51-70.
King-Kauanui, S., Thomas, K., Sherman, C., Waters, G. & Gilea, M. (2008). Entrepreneurship and Spirituality: An Exploration Using Grounded Theory, International Council for Small Business. World Conference, Halifax.
King-Kauanui, S., Thomas, K. and Waters, G. (2005). Entrepreneurship and spirituality: integration of spirituality into the workplace. Journal of Management, Spirituality, and Religion, 2 (2), 255-274.
King, S.M. (2007). Religion, spirituality, and the workplace: Challenges for public administration. Public Administration Review, 67 (1), 103-114.
Krueger, N., Reilly, M. & Carsrud, A. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15 (2), 411-32.
Kuehn, K.W. (2008). Entrepreneurial intention research: implementations for Entrepreneurshipeducation. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 11 (2008), 87-98
Linan, F. & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural Application of a Specific instrument to measure Entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33 (3), 593-617.
Locke, E. A., & Baum, J. R. (2007). Entrepreneurial motivation. In J. R. Baum, M. Frese, & R. A. Baron (Eds.), The psychology of entrepreneurship (pp. 93–112). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
McClelland, D.C. (1961). The achieving Society. Free press, New York.
McShane, S. L. Glinow M. A. V. (2010). Organisational Behaviour. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 5th Edition.
Okpara, J.O. and Wynn, P. (2007). Determinants of small business growth constraints in a sub-Saharan African economy. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 72 (2), 24-35.
Orhan, M. & Scott, D. (2001). Why women enter into entrepreneurship: an explanatory model. Women in Management Review, 16 (5), 232-43.
Osman-Gani, A.M., Hashim, J. & Ismail, Y. (2012). Effects of Spirituality, Religiosity, and Personal Values on Employee Performance: An Empirical Analysis. Presented at the 2012 Academy of Human Resource Development International Research Conference in Americas, held in Denver, CO, USA, February 28 to March 4, 2012.
Palich, L.E. and Bagby, D.R. (1995). Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk-taking: challenging conventional wisdom. Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (6), 425-38.
Ramasamy, B., Yeung, M. C. H & Au, A. K. M. (2010). Consumer support for corporate social responsibility (CSR): The role of religion and values. Journal of Business Ethics, 91 (1), 61-72.
Rehman, A. & Shabbir, M.S. (2010). The relationship between religiosity and new product adoption. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1(1), 63-69.
Robinson, P. B., Stimpson, D. V., Huefner, J. C., and Hunt, H. K. (1991). An attitude approach to the prediction of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15 (4), 13- 31.
Salimath, M.S. & Cullen J. B. (2010). Formal and informal institutional effects on entrepreneurship: a synthesis of nation-level research. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 18 (3), 358-385.
Sheinberg, S., & MacMillan, I.C. (1988). An 11-country study of motivations to start a business. In Kirchoff, B.A., Long, W.A., McMullan, W.E., Vesper, K.H., Wetzel, W.E. (Eds.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research.Wellesley, MA: Babson College, pp. 669–687.
Schjoedt, L., & Shaver, K.G. (2007). Deciding on an entrepreneurial career: A test of the pull and push hypothesis using the PSED data. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 31 (5), 733-752.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schwarz, E.J., Wdowlak, M.A., Almer-Jarz, D.A. & Breitenecker, R.J. (2009). The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students’ entrepreneurial intent. Education + Training, 51 (4), 272-291.
Segal, G., Borgia, D. & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). Motivation to become entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 11 (1), 42-57.
Shane, S., Locke, E. A., Collins, J. C. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13 (2), 257-279.
Shapero A, Sokol L (1982) Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In: Kent C, Sexton D, Vesper K (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, pp. 72–90.
Shaver, K.G. and Scott, L.R. (1991). Person, process, choice: the psychology of new venture Creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16 (2), 23-45.
Sood, J. and Nasu, Y. (1995). Religiosity and nationality an exploratory study of their effect on consumer behavior in Japan and the United States. Journal of Business Research, 34 (1), 1-9.
Swierczek, F. and Ha, T.T. (2003). Motivation, entrepreneurship and the performance of SMEs in Vietnam. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 11 (1), 47-68.
Timmons, J.A. (1999). New Venture Creation. 5th. ed., Irwin McGraw-Hill, Burr Ridge, IL.
Turker, D. & Selkuk, S.S. (2009). Which factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students? Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(2), 142-159.
Valliere, D. (2008). Exploring Buddhist influence on the entrepreneurial decision. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 14 (3), 172-91.
Von Mises, L. (1949), Human Action, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Vroom, V.H. (1964), Work and Motivation. Wiley, New York, NY.
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality, 67 (6), 889-919.
Published
2017-02-16
How to Cite
ADAMU, Isa M; MANSUR, Muhammad S.
An overview of Entrepreneurial Motivation from the perspective of Developing World.
GOUNI Journal of Management and Social Sciences, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 2, p. 250-262, feb. 2017.
ISSN 2550-7265. Available at: <http://journal.gouni.edu.ng/index.php/fmss/article/view/28>. Date accessed: 11 may 2018.
Issue
Section
Articles
Keywords
Entrepreneurship, Motivation, Intention, Spirituality, Religiosity
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