EFFECTS OF MENTAL IMAGERY AND REWARD ON CREATIVITY
Abstract
This study investigated effects of mental imagery and reward on creativity using ninety-six male and female participants who were classified as vivid and non-vivid imagers selected randomly from the population of one hundred and seventy-six senior secondary school students (SS2) of Alvana Model Secondary School, Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, Imo State. Participants were again assigned randomly into reward and no reward conditions and reward was manipulated by verbal instruction. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was the statistic used for data analysis. Results indicate that on creativity task, vivid imagers differed significantly from non-vivid imagers (p<0.001).The finding also showed that participants in the reward condition differed significantly from participants in the no reward condition on the creativity task (p<0.001). There was an interaction effect between mental imagery and reward on creativity (p<0.01). Implications of the findings were highlighted and suggestions for further research were made.References
Ahsen, A. (1999). AA-VVIQ and imagery paradigm: Vividness and un-vividness issue in VVIQ research programs. Journal of Mental Imagery, 14, 1-58.
Ahsen, A. (2000). Image and maze: Learning through imagery functions. Journal of Mental Imagery, 24(1&2), 1-60.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. New York: Springer-veriag.
Amabile, T. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1988). Microscopic and macroscopic creativity. Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 11, 57-60.
Anderson, G. A. (1990). Teaching creativity for professional growth and personal reward. NACTA Journal, 34(4), 54-55.
Baer, M., Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (2003). Rewarding creativity: When does it ready matter? The Leadership Quarterly,14, 569-586.
Blajenkova, O., Kozhevnikov, M., & Motes, M. A. (2006). Object-spatial imagery: A self-report imagery questionnaire. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 239-263.
Bruning, R. H., Schraw, G. J., & Ronning, R. R. (1999). Cognitive psychology and instruction (3rd ed.). New Jersey. Prentices-Hall.
Collins, M. A., & Amabile, T. M. (1999). Motivation and creativity. In R.J. Sternberg (Ed.). Handbook of creativity (pp. 297-312). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: The flow of psychology of discovery and invention. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Eisenberger, R. (1992). Learned industriousness. Psychological Review, 99, 248-267.
Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (1997). Can salient reward increase creative performance without reducing intrinsic creative interest? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 652-663.
Eisenberger, R., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Incremental effects of reward on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 728-741.
Eisenberger, R., & Selbst, M. (1994). Does reward increase or decrease creativity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(6), 1116-1127.
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., & Pretz, J. (1998). Can the promise of reward increase creativity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 704-714.
Eisenberger, R., Haskins, F., & Gambleton, P. (1999). Promise reward and creativity: Effects of prior experience. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 308-325.
Finke, R. A., & Freyd, J. J. (1994). Imagery. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), Encyclopedia of intelligence (pp.561-563). New York: Macmillan Publishing company.
Finke, R. A., Ward, T. B., & Smith, S. M. (1992). Creative cognition: Theory, research and applications. Camdridge, M. A: MIT Press.
Flaherty, M. A. (2005). The effects of holistic creativity programs on the self-concept and creativity of third graders. The Journal of Creative Behaviour, 26(3), 165 – 177.
Getzels, J. W., & Ciskszentimihayli, M. (1976). The creative vision: A longitudinal study of problem finding in art. New York: Willey.
Guilford, J. P. (1956). Fundamental statistics in psychology and education. New York and London: McGraw Hill Publishing Company.
Hans, W. (2006). Four mental operations in creative cognition: The importance of abstraction. Journal of Creativity Research, 17, 1-10.
LeBoutillier, N., & Marks, D. F. (2003). Mental imagery and creativity: A meta- analytic review study. British Journal of Psychology, 94, 29-44.
Lopez, F. J. A. (2002). Mental imagery: A tool to promote creativity in the FL Classrom. Elia, 3, 187-202.
Mark, D. F. (1973). Visual imagery difference in the recall of pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 64(1), 17-24.
Mefoh, P. C. (2010). Effects of imagery, interference, and gender on explicit and implicit memory. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Morrison, R. G., & Wallace, B. (2001). Imagery vividness, creativity and the visual Arts. Journal of Mental Imagery, 25(3-4), 135-152.
Ndukaihe, I. L. G. (2010). Effects of cognitive style and context on creativity. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Oppenheim, A. A. (1992). Questionnaire design, interviewing, and attitude measurement. London: Pinter Publishers.
Ozioko, J. O. C. (2004). Writing project report: A student’s guide. Nsukka: Great AP Express.
Reisberg, D., Culver, L. C., Heuer, F., & Fischman, D. (1986). Visual memory: When imagery vividness makes a difference. Journal of Mental Imagery, 10, 51-74.
Roskos- Ewoldsen, B., Intons- Peterson, M. J., & Anderson, R. E. (1993). Imagery, creativity, and discovery. Amsterdam, NetherLands: North-Holland.
Runco, M. A. (2007). Creativity. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Shaw, G. A., & DeMers, S. T. (1986). The relationship of imagery to originality, flexibility and fluency in creative thinking. Journal of Mental Imagery,10(1), 65-74.
Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Willse, J. T., Barona, C. M., Cram, J. T., Hess, K. I., Martinez, J. L., & Richard, C. A. (2008). Assessing creativity with divergent thinking tasks: Exploring the reliability and validity of new subjective scoring methods. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2(2), 68–85. Greensboro, NC: American Psychological Association.
Smith, G. F. (1998). Ideas-generation techniques: A formulary of active
ingredients. Journal of Creative Behaviour, 32(2), 107-133.
Sobel, R. S., & Rothemberg, A. (1980). Artistic creation as stimulated by superimposed versus separated visual images. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 953–961.
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Cognitive psychology (3rd Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Tegano, D. W., Moran, D. T., & Sawyers, J. K. (1991). Creativity: In early childhood classrooms. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
Torrance, E. P. (2000). Research review of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking – Figural and verbal forms A and B, Scholastic Testing Service, Bensernville, IL.
Ahsen, A. (2000). Image and maze: Learning through imagery functions. Journal of Mental Imagery, 24(1&2), 1-60.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. New York: Springer-veriag.
Amabile, T. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1988). Microscopic and macroscopic creativity. Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 11, 57-60.
Anderson, G. A. (1990). Teaching creativity for professional growth and personal reward. NACTA Journal, 34(4), 54-55.
Baer, M., Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (2003). Rewarding creativity: When does it ready matter? The Leadership Quarterly,14, 569-586.
Blajenkova, O., Kozhevnikov, M., & Motes, M. A. (2006). Object-spatial imagery: A self-report imagery questionnaire. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 239-263.
Bruning, R. H., Schraw, G. J., & Ronning, R. R. (1999). Cognitive psychology and instruction (3rd ed.). New Jersey. Prentices-Hall.
Collins, M. A., & Amabile, T. M. (1999). Motivation and creativity. In R.J. Sternberg (Ed.). Handbook of creativity (pp. 297-312). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: The flow of psychology of discovery and invention. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Eisenberger, R. (1992). Learned industriousness. Psychological Review, 99, 248-267.
Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (1997). Can salient reward increase creative performance without reducing intrinsic creative interest? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 652-663.
Eisenberger, R., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Incremental effects of reward on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 728-741.
Eisenberger, R., & Selbst, M. (1994). Does reward increase or decrease creativity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(6), 1116-1127.
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., & Pretz, J. (1998). Can the promise of reward increase creativity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 704-714.
Eisenberger, R., Haskins, F., & Gambleton, P. (1999). Promise reward and creativity: Effects of prior experience. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 308-325.
Finke, R. A., & Freyd, J. J. (1994). Imagery. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), Encyclopedia of intelligence (pp.561-563). New York: Macmillan Publishing company.
Finke, R. A., Ward, T. B., & Smith, S. M. (1992). Creative cognition: Theory, research and applications. Camdridge, M. A: MIT Press.
Flaherty, M. A. (2005). The effects of holistic creativity programs on the self-concept and creativity of third graders. The Journal of Creative Behaviour, 26(3), 165 – 177.
Getzels, J. W., & Ciskszentimihayli, M. (1976). The creative vision: A longitudinal study of problem finding in art. New York: Willey.
Guilford, J. P. (1956). Fundamental statistics in psychology and education. New York and London: McGraw Hill Publishing Company.
Hans, W. (2006). Four mental operations in creative cognition: The importance of abstraction. Journal of Creativity Research, 17, 1-10.
LeBoutillier, N., & Marks, D. F. (2003). Mental imagery and creativity: A meta- analytic review study. British Journal of Psychology, 94, 29-44.
Lopez, F. J. A. (2002). Mental imagery: A tool to promote creativity in the FL Classrom. Elia, 3, 187-202.
Mark, D. F. (1973). Visual imagery difference in the recall of pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 64(1), 17-24.
Mefoh, P. C. (2010). Effects of imagery, interference, and gender on explicit and implicit memory. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Morrison, R. G., & Wallace, B. (2001). Imagery vividness, creativity and the visual Arts. Journal of Mental Imagery, 25(3-4), 135-152.
Ndukaihe, I. L. G. (2010). Effects of cognitive style and context on creativity. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Oppenheim, A. A. (1992). Questionnaire design, interviewing, and attitude measurement. London: Pinter Publishers.
Ozioko, J. O. C. (2004). Writing project report: A student’s guide. Nsukka: Great AP Express.
Reisberg, D., Culver, L. C., Heuer, F., & Fischman, D. (1986). Visual memory: When imagery vividness makes a difference. Journal of Mental Imagery, 10, 51-74.
Roskos- Ewoldsen, B., Intons- Peterson, M. J., & Anderson, R. E. (1993). Imagery, creativity, and discovery. Amsterdam, NetherLands: North-Holland.
Runco, M. A. (2007). Creativity. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Shaw, G. A., & DeMers, S. T. (1986). The relationship of imagery to originality, flexibility and fluency in creative thinking. Journal of Mental Imagery,10(1), 65-74.
Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Willse, J. T., Barona, C. M., Cram, J. T., Hess, K. I., Martinez, J. L., & Richard, C. A. (2008). Assessing creativity with divergent thinking tasks: Exploring the reliability and validity of new subjective scoring methods. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2(2), 68–85. Greensboro, NC: American Psychological Association.
Smith, G. F. (1998). Ideas-generation techniques: A formulary of active
ingredients. Journal of Creative Behaviour, 32(2), 107-133.
Sobel, R. S., & Rothemberg, A. (1980). Artistic creation as stimulated by superimposed versus separated visual images. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 953–961.
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Cognitive psychology (3rd Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Tegano, D. W., Moran, D. T., & Sawyers, J. K. (1991). Creativity: In early childhood classrooms. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
Torrance, E. P. (2000). Research review of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking – Figural and verbal forms A and B, Scholastic Testing Service, Bensernville, IL.
Published
2017-02-16
How to Cite
MEFOH, Philip C et al.
EFFECTS OF MENTAL IMAGERY AND REWARD ON CREATIVITY.
GOUNI Journal of Management and Social Sciences, [S.l.], v. 3, n. 1, p. 62-73, feb. 2017.
ISSN 2550-7265. Available at: <http://journal.gouni.edu.ng/index.php/fmss/article/view/37>. Date accessed: 06 may 2018.
Issue
Section
Articles
Keywords
Mental imagery; reward; creativity; secondary school students
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors grant the journal copyright
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
